Penguin Readers Advanced

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Penguin Readers: Advanced
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Teacher´s Notes sowie Lösungen

Nouns	Singular forms and plural forms with ´s´ Common irregular plural forms Possessive form ('s) Transparent compounds Gerunds for activities and pastimes

Verbs	*Tenses:* Simple present (also for future reference) Present progressive with present and future meaning Simple past of listed regular and irregular verbs Irregular past forms: came/did/had/said/was/were/went Past progressive Present perfect simple Present perfect progressive Past perfect Past perfect progressive Future progressive Future perfect Passive Passive forms: present and past forms of be + past participle Simple passive verb forms (except modal perfects) Present and past progressive passive verb forms *Additionally:* Parts of be, have, have got; There is/are/was/were Positive imperative forms Positive, negative and question forms Short answers. (except negative questions) can for ability and permission; Let's... Negative imperative forms going to for prediction and intention can for possibility would like + noun phrase -ing forms after like, stop Infinitive forms after want, start Negative questions will for offers, requests, and with future meaning could for past ability and possibility have to for obligation would like + infinitive Common phrasal verbs with transparent meanings -ing forms after go, verbs of (dis)like Infinitive forms after want, start, like is/was/has been able to can't to deny possibility could for requests and suggestions must for obligation shall for suggestions, plans, offers need (to)/needn't for necessity to + infinitive after what/where etc Infinitives after permitted verbs and adjectives, with too/enough/very, after indefinite pronouns/adverbs, infinitive of purpose Question tags: positive tag following negative statement and vice versa Common phrasal verbs with non-transparent meanings have something done make/let + infinitive used to was/were going to had better for advice or desirability may/might for possibility must for deduced facts should/ought to for advice, duty, desirability Question tags: positive tag following positive statement get something done may for permission would for willingness/refusal/habitual past actions would for hypothetical situations,desires, preferences Modal perfects might for a suggested course of action must have/can't have for assumptions should (have) for expectation will (have) for assumptions

Determiners	Articles: a, an, the or zero + noun (phrase) Possessives All cardinal and ordinal numbers Quantifiers: some, any, a little, a lot (of) and with more Distributives: every, all + noun,another, other, each, both, either, neither Demonstrative: these, those (also pronouns) Interrogative Which ? (also pronoun) the + adjective Predeterminers: all, such Relative: whose a meaning per

Pronouns	Personal, subject and direct object Demonstrative: this, that, these, those (also as determiners) Interrogative: Who? What? It (+ be) in impersonal expressions As indirect objects Possessive Interrogative: Which? (also determiner) some-, no-, any-, every-(body/thing) Indefinite: someone, anyone, everyone, no one Interrogative: Whose? (also as determiner) one/ones Reflexive for emphasis Relative: who, which, that Omission of relative Relative: whose Reciprocal: each other, one another Pronoun + of, to, adjective, relative clause

Adjectives	Simple adjectives (attributive and predicative) Comparative: -er/more + adjective...than, as ... as, comparative with less Superlative: the -est in/of, most + adjective, superlative with least better, best, worse, worst, more, most too + adjective How + adjective Intensifiers: much, a bit, a lot,nearly as, just as, not quite as Adjective + to Adjective + enough

Adverbs	Some adverbs of frequency, place and time Adjective +ly [see wordlist] Interrogatives: Where? When? Why?; How (much/many)? Intensifier: very Additive: too Adjective + (i)ly Irregular adverbs of manner Comparative: as...as, -er/-est, more/most + adverb Indefinite: somewhere, nowhere, anywhere, everywhere

Conjunctions	and, because, but, or to join words, phrases, clauses so, before, after, when, as well as, as soon as[+ see wordlist]

Sentences	Simple one-clause sentences Two clauses joined with and, but, because or or Direct speech + noun/pronoun + say/ask Two clauses joined with so, before, after, when Direct speech + subject/verb inversion Reported speech with present tense reporting verb know, think, hope etc + that clause Sentences with more than two main clauses Sentences with one main and one subordinate clause Zero and first conditional Defining relative clauses (but not embedded) Clauses with wh words, clauses ending in so, not Reported speech with to + infinitive Participle clauses Adjectives/nouns + that clause Complex sentences where the relations between clauses are uncomplicated Non-defining relative clauses Conditional Sentences Type II if clauses after verbs of asking, wondering etc Reported speech with past tense reporting verbs Relative clauses: embedded, defining Responses with so/neither/nor Conditional sentences type III Mixed conditional sentences Inversion after hardly, no sooner etc -ing/wh- clause as subject Sentences with wish + were/would/had

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